Research about clinical comprehensive evaluation methods of pediatric drugs ：taking pediatric anti-allergic drugs as an example / 中国药房

OBJEC TIVE To provide reference for clinical comprehensive evaluation of pediatric drugs in China. METHODS Taking pediatric anti-allergic drugs as an example ，the clinical comprehensive evaluation methods of pediatric drugs in medical institutions were explored from the aspects of theme selection ，evaluation content and dimension ，evaluation index ，evaluation method and evaluation result report. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS During the clinical comprehensive evaluation of pediatric drugs，under the guidance of relevant national guidelines for clinical comprehensive evaluation ，the evaluation topics could be selected according to the three principles of importance ，relevance and evaluability ，and then an appropriate evaluation index system could be developed around the six dimensions of safety ， effectiveness， economy， suitability，accessibility and innovativeness；qualitative and quantitative data integration analysis of the drugs to be evaluated were performed. In the evaluation ， it is necessary to focus on children ’s clinical basic drug use practice and decision-making needs ，normatively，scientifically and reasonably define the core index set and standard data set required by different dimensions of evidence ，standardize the collection and use of real-world data ，and effectively combine other types of evidence to truly play its advantageous role in the clinical comprehensive evaluation of pediatric drugs in China.

Effect of antihistamine-containing syrup on salivary metabolites: an in vitro and in vivo study

Abstract This study tested the null hypothesis that antihistamine-containing syrup does not change salivary metabolites in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro experiments, saliva from 10 volunteers was mixed with a syrup or pill suspension of loratadine (1 mg/ml Claritin®, Schering-Plough, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). For the in vivo experiment, 10 volunteers performed a mouth rinse with 10 mL of antihistamine syrup (Claritin®; Schering-Plough, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) for 20 seconds and then discarded the rinse water. After 20 seconds, 5 mL of unstimulated whole saliva was spit into a plastic tube kept on ice. The protein profile of in vitro and in vivo experiments was analyzed using 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The samples were also analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, followed by Principal Component Analysis and Wilcoxon test (p < 0.05). There were differences in salivary metabolites after syrup interaction. The salivary concentrations of acetate, n-caproate, arginine, glutamate, and lysine among other metabolites were reduced with the syrup in both in vivo and in vitro experiments (p < 0.05), but no differences were observed when the pill suspension was used (p > 0.05). Similar changes in metabolite profiles were observed in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Electrophoresis revealed no difference in the salivary protein pattern. The null hypothesis was rejected because the intake of syrup medicine changes the salivary composition and influences oral homeostasis and susceptibility to oral diseases.

Effect Of Acetone Soluble And Acetone Insoluble Fractions Of Allium Cepa On Some Animal Models Of Asthma

Current Asthma therapy lack satisfactory effect due to various adverse effects, hence patients are moving to Ayurveda. Researchers conducted studies in last decades on plants mentioned in Ayurveda used for asthama has shown Anti-asthamic, Anti-histaminic and Anti-allergic activity. Present study is conducted to study the anti-asthmatic activity of acetone soluble and insoluble extract of Allium cepa. In this process dried peels of Allium cepa were immersed in 95% ethanol for 48hr and the extract obtained was further fractionated with anhydrous acetone to get acetone soluble (ASF) and acetone insoluble (AIF) fractions. Effect of the fractions was studied on isolated goat tracheal chain suspended in Kreb’s solution and percentage contractile response was measured. Albino Swiss mice (22-25g) of either sex were subjected to milk- induced leucocytosis and eosinophilia to study adaptogenic and anti-allergic activity respectively. Effects of both the extracts were also studied on clonidine-induced catalepsy and clonidine induced mast cell degranulation in mice as a measure of central and peripheral mast cell stabilization respectively. Wistar rats (150-180g) were used to study effect of fractions on passive paw anaphylaxis to study immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity.

Long-term use of topical tacrolimus ointment: a safe and effective option for the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis / Uso prolongado de tacrolimus tópico: opção eficaz e segura no tratamento da ceratoconjuntivite vernal

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the compliance, efficacy, and safety of the long-term use of topical tacrolimus for the clinical management of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Methods: The medical records of patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis undergoing long-term treatment with 0.03% topical tacrolimus were retrospectively reviewed. The duration of tacrolimus use and the causes for drug discontinuation were used to assess treatment compliance. To assess drug efficacy, the need for and the number of times that topical corticosteroids were used to control symptoms were registered. Side effects related to tacrolimus use were monitored to determine drug safety. Results: The study cohort consisted of 21 patients who met the eligibility criteria. The mean duration of tacrolimus use was 41.3 ± 18.5 months. Fourteen patients (66.7%) continuously used tacrolimus, and three (14.3%) discontinued treatment following complete remission. Four patients (19%) did not use tacrolimus as prescribed or interrupted tacrolimus use on their own: two (9.5%) because of discomfort upon application and two (9.5%) because of the lack of improvement. Ten patients (47.6%) maintained disease control without the use of corticosteroids, whereas 11 (52.4%) required an average of 2.70 ± 1.35 corticosteroid cycles to control symptoms. The only reported side effect was discomfort upon application. Conclusions: Despite the small sample size and study design limitations, these results support the long-term use of topical tacrolimus as an effective and safe option for the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis, with good compliance of patients to the treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a aderência, a eficácia e segurança do uso prolongado de tacrolimus tópico no controle clínico da ceratoconjuntivite vernal. Métodos: Um estudo retrospectivo foi desenvolvido através da análise de prontuários de pacientes com ceratoconjuntivite vernal em tratamento prolongado com tacrolimus tópico 0,03%. A duração do tempo de uso do ta­crolimus e as causas de descontinuação da medicação foram usadas para avaliar a adesão ao tratamento. Para avaliar a eficácia da droga, a necessidade e o número de vezes em que corticoides tópicos foram utilizados para controlar os sintomas foram registrados. Os efeitos colaterais relacionados ao uso do tacrolimus foram monitorados para determinar a segurança da droga. Resultados: Vinte e um pacientes preencheram os critérios de eleição e foram incluídos no estudo. A duração média do uso de tacrolimus foi de 41,3 ± 18,5 meses. Quatorze pacientes (66,7%) usaram continuamente o tacrolimus e 3 (14,3%) descontinuaram o tratamento após a remissão completa. Quatro pacientes (19%) não usaram o tacrolimus conforme prescrito ou interromperam o uso da droga isoladamente: 2 (9,5%) por desconforto na aplicação e 2 (9,5%) pela falta de melhora. Dez pacientes (47,6%) mantiveram a doença sob controle sem o uso de corticoides, enquanto 11 (52,4%) necessitaram em média 2,70 ± 1,35 ciclos corticoides para controle dos sintomas. O único efeito adverso relatado foi desconforto na aplicação. Conclusões: Apesar do pequeno tamanho da amostra e das limitações do desenho do estudo, esses resultados suportam o uso prolongado do tacrolimus tópico como opção eficaz e segura para o tratamento da ceratoconjuntivite vernal, com boa adesão dos pacientes ao tratamento.

Therapeutic Effect of Glucosamine on an Atopic Dermatitis Animal Model

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have reported that glucosamine (GlcN) showed therapeutic effects in allergic diseases such as asthma and rhinitis, and its mechanisms include the suppression of T helper type 2 immune responses and the nuclear factor-κB pathway. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the effect of GlcN on atopic dermatitis (AD) in an animal model. METHODS: Twenty-five BALB/c mice were divided into five groups (groups A~E). Group A was the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated group without AD induction. Group B was the PBS control group with AD induction. Groups C to E were the AD induction groups, which were treated with three different doses of GlcN (10 mg, 20 mg, and 40 mg, respectively). Histopathological examination was performed after GlcN administration. Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-17 cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using skin biopsy specimens. Serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentrations were measured before and after administration with GlcN or PBS. RESULTS: Clinical dermatitis scores decreased with increasing GlcN dose (p<0.001). Concentrations of tissue IL-13 and IL-17 decreased after GlcN administration (each group: p=0.002 and p<0.001, respectively), but the concentrations of tissue IL-4 did not show differences across groups. Serum IgE levels tended to be lower after GlcN administration (p=0.004). Histopathological scores were not significantly different among groups B~E (p=0.394). CONCLUSION: GlcN improved AD symptoms and decreased tissue IL-13, IL-17, and serum total IgE levels in an animal model.

Intranasal Treatment With 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Alleviates Allergic Rhinitis Symptoms in a Mouse Model

PURPOSE: Vitamin D is a potent immunomodulator. However, its role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis is unclear. METHODS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiallergic effect of intranasally applied vitamin D in an allergic rhinitis mouse model. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and alum before they were intranasally challenged with OVA. Then, they were intranasally administered 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (0.02 μg) or solvent. Allergic symptom scores, eosinophil infiltration, cytokine mRNA levels (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 and interferon-γ) in the nasal tissue, and serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a were analyzed and compared with negative and positive control groups. Cervical lymph nodes (LNs) were harvested for flow cytometry analysis and cell proliferation assay. RESULTS: In the treatment group, allergic symptom scores, eosinophil infiltration, and mRNA levels of IL-4 and IL-13 were significantly lower in the nasal tissue than in the positive control group. The IL-5 mRNA level, serum total IgE, and OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 levels decreased in the treatment group; however, the difference was not significant. In the cervical LNs, CD86 expression had been down-regulated in CD11c+major histocompatibility complex II-high (MHCIIhigh) in the treatment group. Additionally, IL-4 secretion in the lymphocyte culture from cervical LNs significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the antiallergic effect of intranasal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. It decreases CD 86 expression among CD11c+MHCIIhigh cells and T-helper type 2-mediated inflammation in the cervical LNs. Therefore, topically applied 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can be a future therapeutic agent for allergic rhinitis.

Pay attention to the drug selection for allergic keratoconjunctivitis / 中华实验眼科杂志

Allergic keratoconjunctivitis is a common allergic disease,but some patients,especially children,cannot be diagnosed and treated timely and correctly.Allergic keratoconjunctivitis is mainly caused by type Ⅰ and Ⅳ allergy,and its treatment is mainly based on topical administration.At present,antiallergic drugs used for the treatment of allergic keratoconjunctivitis include Histamine antagonists,mast cell stabilizers,double effect antiallergic drugs,Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants.It is essential to understand the mechanism of various antiallergic drugs and to choose different combinations according to the type of allergy to treat allergic keratoconjunctivitis.Clinicians should pay attention to the principle of choosing different drugs based on the pathogenesis of allergic keratoconjunctivitis,gradually standardize the drug regimen and improve the efficacy of drugs.

Suppressive Effect of 4-Hydroxy-2-(4-Hydroxyphenethyl) Isoindoline-1,3-Dione on Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Asthma

4-Hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (PD1) is a synthetic phthalimide derivative of a marine compound. PD1 has peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ agonistic and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PD1 on allergic asthma using rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 mast cells and an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma mouse model. In vitro, PD1 suppressed β-hexosaminidase activity in RBL-2H3 cells. In the OVA-induced allergic asthma mouse model, increased inflammatory cells and elevated Th2 and Th1 cytokine levels were observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue. PD1 administration decreased the numbers of inflammatory cells, especially eosinophils, and reduced the mRNA and protein levels of the Th2 cytokines including interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, in BALF and lung tissue. The severity of inflammation and mucin secretion in the lungs of PD1-treated mice was also less. These findings indicate that PD1 could be a potential compound for anti-allergic therapy.

Tacrolimus eye drops as monotherapy for vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a randomized controlled trial / Colírio de Tacrolimus 0, 03% como único agente antialérgico para o tratamento de ceratoconjuntivite primaveril: ensaio clínico randomizado

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the efficacy of monotherapy using tacrolimus eye drops versus sodium cromoglycate for the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). Methods: Randomized double-masked controlled trial comparing the efficacy of tacrolimus 0.03% eye drops t.i.d. (Group 1) with sodium cromoglycate 4% eye drops t.i.d. (Group 2) for the symptomatic control of VKC at days 0, 15, 30, 45, and 90 of follow-up. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and other complications were evaluated to assess safety and side effects. Results: In total, 16 patients were included, with 8 enrolled in each group. Two patients from Group 2 were excluded from the analysis at days 45 and 90 because of corticosteroid use. Most patients were male (81.8%) and presented with limbal VKC (56.3%). There were statistically significant differences in favor of tacrolimus in the following severity scores: itching at day 90 (p=0.001); foreign body sensation at day 15 (p=0.042); photophobia at day 30 (p=0.041); keratitis at day 30 (p=0.048); and limbal activity at days 15 (p=0.011), 30 (p=0.007), and 45 (p=0.015). No relevant adverse effects were reported, except for a burning sensation with tacrolimus, though this did not compromise treatment compliance. Conclusion: Treatment with tacrolimus was superior to sodium cromoglycate when comparing severity scores for symptoms of itching, foreign body sensation, and photophobia, as well as for signs of limbal inflammatory activity and keratitis.

RESUMO Objetivo: Demonstrar a eficácia do colírio de tacrolimus 0,03% como único agente antialérgico versus o colírio de cromoglicato de sódio 4% no tratamento de ceratoconjuntivite primaveril (CCP). Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado duplo-mascarado comparando a eficácia do colírio de tacrolimus 0,03% 3 vezes ao dia, versus o colírio de cromoglicato 4% 3 vezes ao dia, no controle dos sintomas e sinais de pacientes com o diagnóstico de ceratoconjuntivite primaveril, durante o período de 3 meses, com avaliações nos dias 0, 15, 30, 45 e 90. Acuidade visual, pressão intraocular e outras possíveis complicações foram avaliadas para determinar segurança e efeitos adversos. Resultados: Dezesseis pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, sendo que oito fizeram uso de colírio de tacrolimus 0,03% (Grupo 1) e oito fizeram uso de colírio de cromoglicato de sódio 4% (Grupo 2). Dois pacientes do Grupo 2 foram excluídos da análise dos dias 45 e 90, devido à necessidade de utilização de corticosteroide tópico. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (81,8%) e 56,3% apresentavam a doença em sua forma limbar. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os Grupos 1 e 2 em relação à graduação de severidade para os sintomas de prurido no dia 90 (p=0,001), sensação de corpo estranho no dia 15 (p=0,042), fotofobia no dia 30 (p=0,041) e para os sinais de atividade inflamatória limbar nos dias 15 (p=0,011), 30 (p=0,007) e 45 (p=0,015), e ceratite no dia 30 (p=0,048). Nenhum efeito adverso relevante foi notado, exceto queixa de queimação ocular quando da instilação de tacrolimus, o que não comprometeu à adesão ao tratamento. Conclusão: O colírio de tacrolimus 0,03% foi superior ao colírio de cromoglicato de sódio 4% comparando a graduação de severidade para os sintomas de prurido, sensação de corpo estranho e fotofobia, assim como para os sinais de atividade inflamatória limbar e ceratite, em determinados períodos de tempo durante o seguimento.

Anti-inflammatory and Anti-allergic Effects of Qifangbimin Particle / 中国药师

Objective: To research the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of Qifangbimin particle.Methods: The anti-inflammatory effects were observed by the methods of xylene-induced ear-swelling in mice and cotton-ball induced granuloma in rats.The anti-allergic effects were evaluated by the method of passive skin allergy model in rats and ear-heterogeneous passive skin allergy model in mice.Results: In the treatment groups with Qifangbimin particle, the swelling degree of ear edema induced by dimethylbenzene in mice was significantly suppressed when compared with that in the control groups (P<0.01 or 0.05) , however, the particle had no significantly inhibitory effect on granulation tissue hyperplasia induced by cotton-ball in rats.The Qifangbimin particle groups obviously decreased the absorbance value of locus coeruleus on rats' back (P<0.01 or 0.05), and Qifangbimin particle at high dose significantly reduced the absorbance value of locus coeruleus of auricle in mice (P<0.01 or 0.05).Conclusion: Qifangbimin particle has significant anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects.

Review of the medicinal value aboutRhamnusL. extract / 国际中医中药杂志

RhamnusL., a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, is mainly used to treat some diseases as a supplementary component in the formula. This paper, reviewed its potential medicinal value in the antibacterial activity, antioxidantactivity, anti-allergic activity and anti-tumor activity.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Saxifrage Cream in Hapten-induced Chronic Dermatitis-eczema in Mice / 中草药·英文版

Objective Chronic dermatitis-eczema is a kind of inflammatory skin disease characterized by pruritic and eczematous skin lesions. In the present study, we investigated the anti-allergic effect of Saxifrage cream on eczema-like skin lesions induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in mice. Methods KM mice were randomly divided into eight groups: normal group (Norm), model group (DNCB), positive group 1 (Dexamethasone cream, DEX), positive group 2 (Chinese herbal medicine Paeonol cream, PA), Saxifrage cream groups (equivalent to crude herb 1.25, 2.50, 5.00 g/g, S1, S2, S4), and negative group (Norm + S4). Except for the normal control group and negative control group, right ears of mice in other groups were repeatedly induced with 0.5% DNCB for four times for 3 d and previously sensitized with 7% DNCB to induce eczema. Then mice in different groups were treated by DEX, PA, S1, S2, and S4, respectively. After mice were sacrificed, weight difference of two ears, immune organ change, and pathological change of right ear were used to assess the effects of the drugs. Results Compared with model group, DEX, PA, S2, and S4 could significantly lower mice ear thickness and swelling degree, and improve eczema skin symptoms. Meanwhile, the index of thymus and spleen in treatment groups were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). What's more, the histological analysis demonstrated that thickening of the skin lesions were significantly reduced in DEX, S2, and S4-treated group, and the levels of IL-4 and IL-6 in serum could be reduced by DEX, S2, and S4. Conclusion Saxifrage cream has a protective function against DNCB-induced eczematous. The mechanism might be related to alleviate eczematous inflammatory reaction.

Advances in biotransformation of protopanaxatriol rare ginsenoside / 中草药

Ginseng is a traditional medicine in Asian countries. Ginsenoside has the main active ingredient, exhibit cardiovascular, tumor, and central nervous system activities. In particular, protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides Rh1, exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and memory improvement activities. Ginsenoside Rh1 is only found in trace amounts in Panax ginseng, Panax pseudoginseng var. notoginseng, and Panax quinquefolius. Biotransformation of rare ginsenosides has become an effective way. In this paper, the research progress of transformation of ginsenoside saponins by biotransformation to produce rare ginsenoside Rh1 is reviewed, which provides a useful reference for the further development and preparation of ginsenoside Rh1.

Inhibition of Allergic Response by Intranasal Selective NF-κB Decoy Oligodeoxynucleotides in a Murine Model of Allergic Rhinitis

PURPOSE: It remains unknown whether local inhibition of Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) could have therapeutic value in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selective NF-κB inhibition using NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) for the local treatment of AR in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized wild-type mice. METHODS: BALB/c mice were sensitized with OVA and alum, and then challenged intranasally with OVA. NF-κB decoy ODNs were given intranasally to the treatment group, and NF-κB scrambled ODNs were given to the sham treatment group. Allergic symptom scores, eosinophil infiltration, cytokine levels in the nasal mucosa, nasal lavage fluid, and spleen cell culture, serum total and OVA-specific immunoglobulins, as well as intercellular adhesion molecure-1 (ICAM-1) in the nasal mucosa, were analyzed. RESULTS: NF-κB decoy ODNs significantly reduced allergic symptoms and eosinophil infiltration in the nasal mucosa. They also suppressed serum levels of total IgE, OVA-specific IgE, and IgG1. IL-5 and TNF-α levels and the expression of ICAM-1 were decreased in the nasal mucosa of the treatment group compared to the positive control and sham treatment groups. In addition, IL-6 levels were significantly decreased in the nasal lavage fluid of the treatment group. Furthermore, NF-κB decoy ODNs significantly reduced expression of the systemic Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-5 in spleen cell culture. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates for the first time that local NF-κB inhibition using NF-κB decoy ODNs suppressed the allergic response in a murine AR model. This shows the therapeutic potential of local NF-κB inhibition in the control of AR.

Preoperative tranilast as adjunctive therapy to primary pterygium surgery with a 1-year follow-up / Terapia auxiliar com o tranilast pré-operatório na cirurgia do pterígio primário com um ano de seguimento

Purpose: To determine the efficacy of tranilast as an adjunctive therapy in conjunctival autograft. Methods: Twenty-nine patients were randomly allocated to the Tranilast Group (n=15) or the Control Group (n=14). The Tranilast Group received a subconjunctival injection of 0.5% tranilast 30 days prior to surgery. Conjunctival autograft was performed in both groups using fibrin sealant and 0.02% subconjunctival mitomycin C at the end of the surgery. After the resection of the pterygium, immunohistochemistry was performed with 100 cells to identify epithelial cells positive for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Subjective symptoms were evaluated using a 5-point scale, and the recurrence rate was assessed. Results: Both groups showed improvements in their symptoms and similar clinical results. Compared with the Control Group, the Tranilast Group failed to show a decreased recurrence rate (p=0.59). However, the number of epithelial cells expressing TGF-β was lower in the Tranilast Group (5 cells; 95% CI: 2.56-13.15; Control Group, 16 cells, 95% CI: 11.53-24.76; p=0.01). Minimal but reversible complications, including glaucoma secondary to corticosteroids and granuloma, occurred during the study. Conclusion: Tranilast was effective in decreasing the number of pterygium epithelial cells expressing TGF-β. .

Objetivo: Determinar a eficácia do tranilast, como terapia auxiliar no transplante autólogo de conjuntiva. Métodos: Vinte e nove pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos: Grupo Tratado (15) e Grupo Controle (14). Trinta dias antes da cirurgia, o Grupo Tratado recebeu uma injeção subconjuntival de tranilast a 0,5%. O transplante autólogo de conjuntiva foi realizado em ambos os grupos, usando-se a cola de fibrina e a mitomicina 0,02% subconjuntival, ao final da cirurgia. Cada paciente foi examinado por 12 meses de acompanhamento. A imuno-histoquímica foi realizada, mediante um total de 100 células, a fim de que se contassem as células epiteliais positivas, para o fator de crescimento transformador beta (TGF-β), após a cirurgia do pterígio. Os sintomas subjetivos foram avaliados usando-se uma escala de cinco pontos, e a taxa de recorrência foi avaliada. Resultados: Os 2 grupos apresentaram melhora dos sintomas e com resultados clínicos similares. Quando comparado com o Grupo Controle, o Grupo Tratado falhou em mostrar uma diminuição da taxa de recorrência (p=0,59). Entretanto o número de células epiteliais expressando o TGF-β foi menor no Grupo Tratado (5 células; 95% CI=2,56-13,15; Grupo Controle, 16 células; 95% CI: 11,53-24,76, p=0,01). Complicações mínimas, mas reversíveis, ocorreram durante o estudo, incluindo glaucoma secundário ao uso de corticoide e granuloma. Conclusão: O tranilast foi efetivo em diminuir o número células epiteliais do pterígio expressando o TGF-β. .

Advances in pharmacologic studies on treatments of allergic diseases by Chinese materia medica / 中草药

Clinical evidences demonstrated the effects of Chinese materia medica (CMM) on allergic diseases. However, the bioactive components in CMM and their mechanims of actions remain unkown. The progress of pharmacological studies on the anti-alleric effects of multi-herb formulation, herbal extracts/fraction, and pure compounds of CMM was summerized, which showed the characteristics of multi-component, multi-target, and multi-mechanism of CMM effects. This review provides the information for clinical use of anti-allergic CMM and drug discovery of anti-allergic CMM products.

Consideration of application of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis / 中华实验眼科杂志

Allergic conjunctivitis is a very common pathology and its incidence has increased in developing countries with the development of industrialization.At present,the therapy of allergic conjunctivitis is mainly the use of topical eyedrops to eliminate causative factors,relieve symptoms and prevent complications.The drugs used in allergic conjunctivitis have 6 groups,including antihistamine,mastocyte stabilizer,drugs with dual effects (antihistamine and mastocyte stabilizer),non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),glucocorticoids and immunosuppressors.The goals of topical use of antihistamine,mastocyte stabilizer and drugs of dual effects are to remove the itching and hyperaemia of eye or to treat the patients with acute allergic conjunctivitis; while NSAIDs,glucocorticoids and immunosuppressors are used for the patients with severe or chronic allergic conjunctivitis.The glucocorticoid drugs are more effective because of their arresting effects in several links of the allergic response.Nevertheless,the long-term use of glucocorticoids probably results in ocular hypertension or posterior subcapsular cataract,furthermore,glucocorticoid drugs should be more cautionary in the application of the patients with corneal ulcer.Immunosuppressors inhibit abnormal immune responses,but these drugs should not be used for a long term because of higher cost and adverse effects.NSAIDs have a good anti-inflammatory effect and less irritant,so the topical use of NSAIDs for allergic conjunctivitis appears to be a better choice nowadays.

Evaluation of anti-allergic and anti-anaphylactic activity of ethanolic extract of Zizyphus jujuba fruits in rodents

The present study reports the anti-allergic activity of ethanolic extract of Zizyphus jujuba Mill., Rhamnaceae, and its possible mode of action. The effect of extract of Z. jujuba at different doses (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, orally) was simulated on studied animal models of asthma and allergy: a) milk induced eosinophilia and leukocytosis; b) compound 48/80 induced mast cell degranulation; and, c) active and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. In addition, extract of Z. jujuba's effect on sensitized guinea pig ileum (ex vivo) and tracheal chain preparations (in vitro) were investigated.Treatment with extract of Z. jujuba at all doses significantly: prevented the milk-induced eosinophilia and compound 48/80 induced degranulation of mesenteric mast cells; decreased passive cutaneous and active anaphylactic reactions. In addition, extract of Z. jujuba inhibited acetylcholine as well as histamine induced tracheal chain contraction, and also antigen induced contraction of sensitized guinea pig ileum (Shultz-Dale inhibition test). Furthermore, it exhibited also free radicals scavenging activity (in vitro). The observed anti-allergic and anti-anaphylactic activity of extract of Z. jujuba may be largely through the stabilization of mast cells by the membrane presence of phytoconstituents (steroidal saponins and flavonoids).

Mechanism of action of probiotics

The modern diet doesn't provide the required amount of beneficial bacteria. Maintenance of a proper microbial ecology in the host is the main criteria to be met for a healthy growth. Probiotics are one such alternative that are supplemented to the host where by and large species of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Saccharomyces are considered as main probiotics. The field of probiotics has made stupendous strides though there is no major break through in the identification of their mechanism of action. They exert their activity primarily by strengthening the intestinal barrier and immunomodulation. The main objective of the study was to provide a deep insight into the effect of probiotics against the diseases, their applications and proposed mechanism of action.

Antiasthmatic and antiallergic potential of methanolic extract of leaves of Ailanthus excelsa

The aim of study was antiasthmatic potential of methanolic extract of leaves of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb., Simaroubaceae. Traditionally or in Indian system of medicine, A. excelsa is used in the treatment of asthma, cough, colic pain, cancer, diabetes and also used as antispasmodic, antifertility, bronchodilator. Stem bark of A. excelsa already reported for its potential against asthma. The pollens of Ailanthus excelsa reported allergic in nature and the time of collection of leaves were important in this study, generally the flowering stage of plant was avoided for the collection due to maximum chance of pollens at that time. Methanolic extract of leaves of A. excelsa was evaluated using in vitro goat tracheal chain preparation model and in vivo- Milk induced leucocytosis, eosinophilia, Clonidine induced catalepsy in mice model while Passive paw anaphylaxis and Clonidine induced mast cell degranulation in rat model. The extract showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, quassonoids and test was also positive for alkaloids and steroids. The extract also showed the presence of quercetin which is flavonoid and detected on the preparative TLC plate with the help of standard quercetin. Dose response studies of methanolic extract of leaves of A. excelsa Roxb. were conducted at 100 µg mL-1 in vitro and 100, 200, 400 mg kg-1 p.o. in vivo models. The treatment with methanolic extract of A. excelsa at different dose level showed the significant (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001) antiasthmatic activity. Inhibition or decrease the release of inflammatory mediators potentiates the antiasthmatic as well as antiallergic activity of methanolic extract of leaves of A. excelsa.